Shopping With Teenagers Essay Example

Shopping With Teenagers Essay In this quick paced world, families separate their time by assigning tasks on different relatives. In any case, a family economy movement like shopping, regardless of whether for staple goods or garments and embellishments, is most helpful when done in participative way by relatives. For what reason is this so? I wish to endeavor in this paper to look at and explain on the elements of this monetary action, especially the upsides of carrying one’s adolescent youngsters to a purchasing experience. II. Parent’s Perspective Numerous guardians, moms specifically, do looking for family needs. Nonetheless, there are a lot of times that in the wake of doing the action, the parent end up with articles that they don't require or a specific part doesn't care for the decision of procurement. On events, contentions follow over such one-sided choices by guardians. At the point when discussion is made then again, what is troublesome with this is the way that, time is expended for trade of thoughts. What happens normally however is that in real circumstances pretty much every family come up short on the existence to talk about what their inclinations are. Subsequently, the best choice is to carry different relatives to shopping. We will compose a custom article test on Shopping With Teenagers explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Shopping With Teenagers explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Shopping With Teenagers explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer When all is said in done, I think the fundamental and long haul positive aftereffect of shopping with young people is the vicarious and casual method of encouraging these youngsters dynamic aptitudes. Growing such capacity enables the young people to settle on astute choices on the utilization of cash, and different trades occurring during shopping. Little youngsters can be brought to shopping be that as it may, all the more regularly they are not permitted to settle on much decision in the buy, aside from, to an enormous degree, on food buys. At their formative stage, they are educated at their level, in graduated terms. Nonetheless, the young person is at a formative stage where he/she is prepared to acknowledge minor and some substantial obligations. They are better ready to retain learning circumstances better and quicker. On account of this monetary movement, this is really the perfect time for teaching esteems †for cash, assets and duty. As I would see it, dynamic capacities are created during shopping. What is included during shopping is on occasion the time imperative. When there is restricted time, mother and youngster grow quick reasoning capacity. The young person is instructed how to spending plan ascertain the sum acquired as against the store accessible. Planning is very hard to instruct in light of the fact that it involves an experimentation strategy. All the more frequently, mistakes result instead of the accuracy and right decisions made. In the event that guardians get worried showing their youngsters this procedure, kids would wind up not realizing what and how to purchase basically. The point of each parent for adolescents is for their kids to purchase things or food, with quality, less expense and toughness at the top of the priority list. III. Teenagers’ Perspective To me, cash and ownership of it involves duty. In the event that at this stage, the young child or little girl has not scholarly significant components of the utilization of their cash and the cash earned by their folks, a lifetime of trouble, even destitution, is a genuine chance. What makes this shopping a method of encouraging the immature youngsters is the way that it is a relaxation movement for kids. Characteristic in each shopping is its pleasant experience; an angle which can be used to help make the experience a learning one. For each young person, I accept that shopping is completely pleasurable. I even catch a neighbor and her adolescent child doing shopping together and her child (who clearly delighted in this) allude this experience together as â€Å"pleasure.† He would state to his mother, â€Å"Mom, would we be able to go to ‘pleasure’ today?† Likely, it is basically in light of the fact that, he can be with his mom the entire time; lapping everything up, in a manner of speaking. The way that he is a center youngster among two different kin may likely his motivation to make these outings with mother such a lovely encounter. In conclusion, it is my conviction, from individual experience, that having the buying power is critical to a young person. In any event, when mother is near, the person is managed the chance to settle on the decision about what ought to be bought. It gives the individual a feeling of individual fulfillment. IV. End I can't deny that shopping with youthful youngsters isn't troublesome likewise, nor does it have just the in addition to side. Shopping with adolescent youngsters can mean cerebral pain to a mother or parent. The youngster in his/her age lean towards things or food that guardians don't support of all the more frequently. They may spruce up contrastingly or be affected by media to pick food that have void calories. Except if the mother realizes how to deal and make bargains, shopping centers can end up being battlefront for families. As I would see it, a shopping movement helps concrete connections and empowers adolescent youngsters to converse with guardians. It is acknowledged that this stage is fashioned with changes that toss a young person into disarray and wrong decisions which will stamp him/her forever. It is definitely consequently that I accept, each parent uses any chance to make and invest energy with any action to be along with their youngsters. On the off chance that the main time accessible is shopping, at that point I, in the event that I am a parent, should snatch that each accessible opportunity to enroll my adolescent to go out on the town to shop with me. I can even make it a point to make events just to manage the cost of my adolescent the consideration and nearness that I can give. What preferred path over that which is agreeable for him/her moreover? Shopping together is then such an ideal possibility for the two of us.

Letter from Birmingham Jail Essay

The â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† composed by Martin Luther King is endeavoring to legitimize the requirement for an activity that is immediate and peaceful. It additionally discusses the Black individuals and their likelihood to turn to clutter and common insubordination and King’s own disappointments with Church whom he thought as not carrying out the responsibilities and duties that individuals of God ought to do. Martin Luther King doesn't need viciousness to result. He simply needs to execute or make changes to the current laws of the nation and the decision of the Supreme Court in 1954 to be watched. As indicated by King, an individual has the ethical duty to not obey or watch laws that are uncalled for (King 1963). The mass activity doesn't violate the law on the grounds that a law that isn't ethically right isn't generally a law. The laws are made to secure the residents of the land and not to be utilized for discipline and debasement of the individuals. The dark individuals of America were happy to take the necessary steps to guarantee their legitimate and good rights that are legitimately theirs. They will do this ideally without brutality and through quiet methods. On the off chance that they are not permitted to communicate their conclusions, at that point they would depend on an a lot uglier situation. In the event that these necessities of the dark Americans won't be tended to soon, there will be mayhem and brutality since the individuals have such a large number of feelings and dissatisfactions that are repressed inside. A comparative topic of common defiance can be found in past readings. One such perusing is Chief Seattle’s Oration wherein he discussed the relationship of the individuals and mother earth. It discusses the Native Americans as a minority race and the viciousness that has happened between his race and that of the white individuals. He raises his kin in that speech by saying that the Euro-Americans were additionally to be accused for the savagery since he reviewed when the â€Å"white man† drove their progenitors further into the west. The Native Americans need harmony to reign in the land. The equivalent with the Letter from Birmingham Jail, Oration discusses falling back on viciousness if the privileges of the individuals won't be regarded and the law wold decide to mistreat them. They would prefer to have tranquility yet it is the mistreatment of the law that compels them to turn to savagery. The law that is seen by the whites is supposed to be ethically out of line since it victimizes minorities as opposed to securing them. This legitimization of good activity that is obvious in the two past works referenced is additionally apparent in Plato’s Crito. This is an exchange that will legitimize the choice of Socrates to remain in jail in spite of the way that he was illegitimately blamed for accomplishing something that he didn't do. Plato made a qualification between the only laws in which Socrates obeyed by remaining in jail and the ethically off-base conduct of the individuals who blamed him. As can be seen from the past readings, the laws that man has made can be ethically unreasonable for the individuals who are hindered like the dark Americans and the local Americans or Indians. Each man has the option to shield himself when he no longer observes the standards to be ethically just. Much the same as King said in his letter, rules were made for the assurance of all and not for the favored not many. In the event that individuals can't battle for their privileges as people and are being abused, at that point they must choose the option to guard themselves using brutality. The main contrast that can be seen from Birmingham Jail is that Socrates selected to remain in jail and not battle against the specialists. He didn't want to depend on viciousness since he was observing the only law of not getting away in jail. King’s thinking for the common noncompliance is being written in letter through a sort of thinking that is inductive. In the event that the administration won't regard the privileges of the dark Americans and not hear them out even through fights of quiet methods, at that point savagery will be utilized against them. There are all inclusive rights that all individuals can engage. These are the fundamental privileges of man to live, the right to speak freely of discourse and articulation and numerous others. There are sure rights that are directed by the state and culture to ensure certain parts of society. Be that as it may, these laws ought not disregard the privileges of the individuals. The laws will turn out to be ethically uncalled for if the privileges of the individuals will be stepped on or get jeopardized. The facts demonstrate that rights and laws can be in strife. That’s why there is a requirement for the world, particularly the administrations of nations, to tune in to the individuals in regards to changes in the law simply like the letter of Martin Luther King Jr.

Developmental Psychology

Formative Psychology Free Online Research Papers The Swiss clinician Jean Piaget (1896â€1980) built up his hypothesis of hereditary epistemology all through an about 60-year vocation as a teacher and exploratory scientist. Before he was 30 years old, he was incredibly famous for his investigations of the psychological advancement of youngsters. Piaget is attributed with fundimental commitments to the controls of kid brain research, instructive brain science, and, most broadly, his psychological advancement hypothesis. Piagets test investigations of newborn children, kids, and youths gave understanding into the idea of information and how it is obtained. He paid attention to childrens thinking and regarded them as the engineers of their own scholarly turn of events. Piagets youngster focused research and perceptions of newborn children and kids drove him to the revelation that kids think in unexpected manners in comparison to grown-ups as they progress through four particular phases of advancement. Tangible engine stage (birth to around 2 years): Infants depend on their faculties to comprehend their general surroundings. Preoperational stage (around 2 to 7 years): Pre-younger students build up an expanded limit with regards to representative reasoning and the utilization of language and pictures. Concrete-operational stage (around 7 to 11 years): Children think coherently and start to see the world from others viewpoint. Formal operational stage (age 11 to grown-up): Hypothetical and dynamic prevailing upon deliberate critical thinking and conceptual reasoning. The formal operational stage starts at roughly age eleven to and endures into adulthood. During this time, individuals build up the capacity to consider dynamic ideas. Abilities, for example, legitimate idea, deductive thinking, and deliberate arranging additionally rise during this stage. Piaget accepted that deductive rationale gets clear during the formal operational stage. Deductive rationale requires the capacity to utilize a general standard to decide a particular result. This kind of reasoning includes theoretical circumstances and is frequently required in science and arithmetic. While youngsters will in general think solidly and explicitly in prior stages, the capacity to consider unique ideas rises during the formal operational stage. Rather than depending exclusively on past encounters, kids start to think about potential results and outcomes of activities. This sort of reasoning is significant in long haul arranging. In prior stages, youngsters utilized experimentation to tackle issues. During the formal operational stage, the capacity to deliberately tackle an issue in a coherent and efficient manner rises. Youngsters at the formal operational phase of intellectual advancement are regularly ready to rapidly design a sorted out way to deal with taking care of an issue and have unique musings. During the formal operational stage, the kid experiences sensational changes concerning their physiological and mental state. During their course of improvement, young people face different formative difficulties and clashes. These provokes need to determine so as to push ahead through their turn of events. Thus, immaturity is a transitional period, where an individual goes from youth to full development. Young people change subjectively as far as the way that they consider social issues. Pre-adult Egocentrism administers the way that young people consider social issues and is simply the uplifted cognizance. This mindfulness is reflected in their feeling of individual uniqueness. Youthful Egocentrism can be dismembered into two kinds of social reasoning: nonexistent crowd that includes eye-catching conduct, and individual tale which includes a young people feeling of individual uniqueness and strength, among others. The widely acclaimed therapist, Erik Erikson, introduced the eight phases of passionate improvement which praises Piaget’s hypothesis. He expressed that in the phase of pre-adulthood (which he calls Identity versus Job Confusion) the kid figures out how to answer agreeably and cheerfully the topic of Who am I? In any case, even the best balanced of teenagers encounters some job personality disarray. For example, most adolescents try different things with minor wrongdoing, insubordinate conduct, and self †questioning contemplations. Love, trust and authority can be the variables which choose what an adolescent’s character and enthusiastic improvement will be. The idea of affection, and how the ability to cherish creates, has become the subject of logical examination throughout the most recent decade. It has incredible ramifications for kid improvement. Researchers have discovered that notwithstanding molding the cerebrums of babies, a moms love goes about as a guide for adoration itself. It has sweeping impacts on her childs improvement and capacity to cherish all through life. In any case, what is more subtle is that a parent’s love is similarly, if not increasingly significant for a youngster during youth. In spite of the fact that guardians typically stay a significant wellspring of direction and backing, some portion of the young people battle is to progress in the direction of freedom from them. Subsequently young people keep on depending on their folks for material help and instrumental prizes, regularly regarding their standards as wellsprings of coherence and soundness. They are more uncertain, in any case, to consider thei r to be as useful in building up their perspectives on present and future issues. As far as concerns them, guardians for the most part feel a commitment to â€Å"socialize their young people appropriately by picking their companions and putting them in specific gatherings and, consequently, will in general be critical as their immature youngsters investigate various bearings. Consequently, dear kinships, since they include non-critical yet caring equivalents, help the pre-adult build up a feeling of personality by offering an atmosphere of development and self-information that the family may not be prepared for. In Tanach we see such a solid kinship in David and Yonasan. In spite of the fact that Yonasan was challenging his dad by observing David, their bond was too solid to even consider breaking. At the point when it came to picking between complying with his dad and sparing David’s life, Yonasan decided to spare David, despite the fact that it implied confronting his father’s furious anger a while later. Their companionship had intended to a lot to him. Trust is another significant perspective in an adolescent’s life. They have to trust, and be trusted. In the event that a youngster feels like they aren’t being believed they may revolt. An examination was done to see a pre-teen’s trust in their folks and the outcomes demonstrated that early and center youths were eager to rely upon moms and fathers. Notwithstanding, with expanding age, young people were less inclined to share private considerations, sentiments, and privileged insights with guardians. While little girls and children were comparable in their eagerness to rely upon guardians, little girls announced offering confidences more to moms and less with fathers. This is dissimilar to the son’s whose inclination was the dad. As opposed to desires, youths trust in closest companions didn't shift with age, yet females detailed more noteworthy trust in companions than did guys. In Judaism, trust assumes a significant job. Emunah, trust in our G-d, trust in our rabbis and instructors, trust in our folks, and trust between peers is the thing that makes somebody a superior individual. In the event that one doesn't put his trust in individuals, at that point he will make some hard memories throughout everyday life and consistently be looking despite his good faith to perceive what somebody is doing. Trust is one of the keys to an upbeat and sound life. The celebrated story of Peter, the kid who ‘cried wolf’ is a notable case of a juvenile exploiting and abusing given trust. He had the trust of the townspeople until he utilized it up and nobody needed to help him when he truly required it. As a youngster enters youth, maybe because of the way that sensible and conceptual thinking aptitudes increment, and there is likewise a more noteworthy inclination to address authority. Additionally teenagers test the constraints of new grown-up jobs since they feel as though they don’t fit in with the more youthful kids any longer, and need to demonstrate to the grown-ups that they are â€Å"just like them†. Right now, passionate adjustment gets fundamental for the two young people and their folks. Authority is likewise a major factor in the Jewish point of view. We have the authority of rabbis and guardians which we should acknowledge, and obviously, everything comes from our accommodation to the desire of Hashem. There’s an anecdote about a man who didn’t tune in to his rabbanim, and therefore, the individuals in his town would not like to acknowledge him into their circles. They disregarded him and his life was getting progressively troublesome. Sooner or later, this man understood that he was unable to go on without the help of his companions, and he realized that they were directly for not become friends with him. He comprehended that so as to carry on with a not too bad life, one must acknowledge authority. When he had the option to patch his ways he became reaccepted and carried on with a cheerful life. Jean Piaget’s subjective improvement hypothesis not just portrays flawlessly what is happening in each child’s cerebrum as they develop and grow however it likewise pays tribute to the therapist Erikson, whose hypothesis praises Piaget’s. Most hypotheses on advancement originate from Piaget’s unique hypothesis. Love, trust and authority may not be worked straight out in his writings, however some place along the lines, Piaget comprehended what becomes an integral factor in the improvement of a kid and that those three variables are certainly critical to a solid turn of events. ? Sources 1] E-Notes.com: enotes.com/brain science speculations/piaget-jean 2] Psychology today †Psychological diary: http://psychology.about.com/od/piagetstheory/p/formaloperation.htm 3] Associated Content.com : associatedcontent.com/article/365045/physical_and_social_development_of.html 4] Wikipedia-online reference book: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_cognitive_development 5] Looking Forward Through the Lifespan by K. Peterson Research Papers on Developmental PsychologyEffe

Purchasing Environmental Essay Samples

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Essay About A Short Story - 1468 Words

Soon the Tyrells sisters happened across a small stream hidden away from the trail. Throwing caution to the wind, the girls veered off the trail not heeding the warnings of those behind them. But the tranquil brooke was little threat. It’s trickling water seemed to sparkle in the beams of sunlight breaking through the leaves. Alayna slid out of her saddle to investigate the water further. Upon closer inspection, Alayna caught a glimmer on the muddy bank and crept closer. Shells. Her jade eyes glimmered in the reflection of the water as her hand plucked the rigid objects from their resting place and offered it to her sister. â€Å"Shells?† Janna’s lilted voice inquired as she examined the item closer. The shells were dull brown in color,†¦show more content†¦They wore old, worn clothes and looked like they hadn’t seen a proper washing ever in their lives. The metal of swords gleamed from the belts on their waists. Their faces were dark and their eyes were trained on them. â€Å"Run.† Alayna hissed under her breath, â€Å"Get Victor.† Janna made a move to run back to the rest of their people, yet it was too late as a fourth man rustled out of the brambles behind them. The younger woman shuddered in fear and backed away from the towering cutthroat so she was closer to her older sister. â€Å"Well, well, look what we have hear.† The cockneyed voice of a long necked man sing songed as he appraised the women from the top of the bank. He looked back to his comrades, â€Å"Two little ladies far away from home.† â€Å"Who are you and what do you want.† Alayna demanded, standing tall. She knew she had to be brave or neither of them would get out of this. All of the men cackled and bellowed, before they drew their swords and the goosenecked man spoke once more, â€Å"Now, now, I don’t believe you’re in any position to be threatening anybody.† Before Alayna could respond, a strong voice interrupted them, â€Å"Belay that, ser or you’ll have to deal with me.† Victor and the rest of their guards surrounded the band of cutthroats. Their gleaming armor a beacon as they, themselves, readied their weapons. Alayna breathed a sigh of relief at the sight, knowing that their cousin would take care of this nuisance. â€Å"That canShow MoreRelatedEssay About A Short Story1507 Words   |  7 Pagesmeaning they probably dont have anything about it. His fingers skirted through each paper, never missing a page, and knowing when they had. His ears remained alert, listening for sounds outside his own breathing and movement. Where his fingers and nose couldnt see, he used the flashlight and his eyes. And his taste? Well, it told him never to try to eat a flashlight in the future. He searched through all the cabinets, taking only the information about Arkady Volkov and making sure he left nothingRead MoreEssay about Short Story681 Words   |  3 Pages Short Story The sudden, severe storm caught me totally unaware. I was walking down Peppers Road when the dark clouds started to build. I looked around as I huddled under a large, dead oak tree which offered me little or no protection from the razor-sharp rain. Almost all of the houses on this abandoned street were too badly damaged for me to take shelter in, except for one. The house loomed impressive and morbid in the greenish-black sky. A flash of lightning brieflyRead MoreEssay About A Short Story855 Words   |  4 Pagessituation while Gladio and Noctis joined in on messing with him. It seems their toxin transformed you into your past self. Ignis murmured thoughtfully. Yeah, I can see that, how do I change back? Prompto asked, standing up and brushing off his shorts. You pinched at his legs, and he swatted your hand away. It wont be permanent, sometime tonight you should return to normal. Tonight?! But its five in the morning. He whined, you nearly fell over and fainted. Come on Prompto, you dontRead MoreEssay About A Short Story1487 Words   |  6 Pages Alan spun around toward the noise. He aimed his gun carefully at the ledge, and calmed himself the best he could. Slow, deep breath after breath he took until he at a normal pace inside. He was now ready for anything. The growl had gone silent, and so had the forest. Whatever was out there was waiting for the right opportunity to come along. Nick and Danny aimed their guns to the South and West. Alan figured he was the closest to the thing with the barrels of his rifle. They all silenced themselvesRead MoreEssay About A Short Story1185 Words   |  5 Pagesdirected his attention towards anyone who would answer. â€Å"I would assume they would have terminated this ID’s access by now.† â€Å"No doubt, they did,† Leland responded. â€Å"But, if Lorenzo Hubbard here was too embarrassed about having his ass kicked by a slug and didn’t want anyone finding out about it†¦ Or, even doesn’t realize yet that Phillip took his ID access card from him†¦ then just maybe, he might have held off on contacting central command.† â€Å"Where we at, Sean?† asked Boyd. â€Å"Working on it.† â€Å"OkayRead MoreEssay About A Short Story1291 Words   |  6 Pagesstood at least 2 meters tall, it had an edge made rend flesh and splinter bone on either side, and upon its hilt was an ouroboros with runes etched upon its scales. No other man would have that blade for it was his, the auctioneer began droning on about the swords alien and seemingly nefarious nature, none of his words being heard by Thomas, none of his wife’s protests got through to him, for he was simply lying in wait for the start of the auction. The auctioneer began, †Wholl give me 500 for theRead MoreEssay About A Short Story873 Words   |  4 Pagesdrenched in red, a purple snake? ... and... Zeke!?!? I was about to call out to him but Alice stopped me and pointed towards the figures and the snake. You will pay!!!!!!!!! The girl screamed as she pulled something from out of nowhere and threw it at Zeke and he fell to the ground with a thud. Zeke!! We all shouted sliding down the hill. The two figures looked at us, then disappeared. The snake slithered over to Zeke and we froze about 14 feet away from them. What do we do? Jennet asked meRead MoreEssay About A Short Story1181 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"I think I’m gonna check,† Jacob gently placed his cards back onto the table. Emma lifted the corner of her hand. â€Å"I raise thirteen.† The last card was placed onto the table. Last chance to bet. â€Å"Twenty-six,† Jacob gazed through his eyelashes, raising the bet once again. Groaning, Emma threw her cards onto the pile of chips in the middle of the table. â€Å"Fold!† â€Å"And you would be right to!† Jacob laughed as he slapped a pair of aces down in front of him and collecting his chips. â€Å"Oh my God! You alwaysRead MoreEssay About A Short Story730 Words   |  3 Pagesmoon comes we can recruit him then he will be with us. He is technically still theirs.† Harry sighed. â€Å"Is he feeling better at least?† Liam asked. Harry looked at the boy again and shrugged. He honestly didn’t know. He didn’t bother to tell Liam about the panic attack Louis had had in the bathroom, that would only worry the alpha more. Harry watched as Liam rose from his seat and walked towards the sleepy boy. Liam hovered over the boy looking down at him. He moved the quilt down and lifted theRead MoreEssay about Short Story789 Words   |  4 PagesShort Story It was lying there, the battered and torn body. There was a moment of silence as detective David Whittle and I stared at the body. I could not understand how this had occurred. It had been a fairly quiet day at the station until I had received a phone call from a distressed mother, pleading for us to help. Her voice was hard to understand as she was crying so hard. I traced the call to a small village just on the edge of Brighton, called Linden where

Explore Austen’s Presentation Of Marriage in Pride ...

Explore Austen’s Presentation Of Marriage in Pride Prejudice Marriage forms the basis of the events featured in Pride and Prejudice and is presented in various ways in order to convey to readers the importance of it in society and the expectations which come with it. Throughout the book, Austen clarifies what makes a good marriage and how society views marriage as a unity of equal classes and a way to establish connections. The first aspect of marriage which is revealed is the way a person’s position in society affects the choice of partner. Austen states in the opening line of the book: â€Å"It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife† This line†¦show more content†¦Bennett judges Mr. Bingley and forms an opinion based solely on his income. â€Å"A single man of large fortune; four or five thousand a year. What a fine thing for our girls!† This line also shows that parents were eager to see their children married well and considered a man with a large fortune as capable of providing them with happiness. In this aspect, Austen portrays society and the characters as materialistic when discussing marriage and considering appropriate partners. Austen also portrays the fact that parents considered marriage to be important for their children’s happiness and it played an important role in the hopes parents had for their children. Mr. Bennett states that: â€Å"If I can but see one of my daughters happily settled at Netherfield, and all the others equally well married, I shall have nothing to wish for† This line shows us that marriage was something parents wished for all their children, especially daughters who in that age had no way of providing for themselves and therefore relied on a wealthy husband to support them. Marriage to a well-established man in society was something that would make parents satisfied. Marriage was considered the result of a good upbringing, when parents can finally renounce their responsibility of the child to the man they marry. The following quote states the ambitions of Mrs Bennett and portraysShow MoreRelatedPride and Prejudice: Exploring the Chasm Between Love and Marriage in Geor gian England1675 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Pride and Prejudice†, is a novel which explores the huge chasm between love and marriage in Georgian England. Jane Austen’s presentation of passion and matrimony reiterates the fact that marriage is a â€Å"business arrangement†. Austen uses irony to make fun of polite society in this satire and Austen also emphasizes the point that social hierarchy dictates whom you can marry. The pressures of men and women in Georgian England are revealed through her exploration of the aristocracy’s prejudice against

Henry Ford †the Leadership Qualities of One of History’s free essay sample

The examples we found of Ford’s business practices suggested he had a very direct and dictatorial management style and after years of success he failed to adapt change to his business when it needed it most. As a result, rival companies seized on changing market trends, while Ford stayed true to his vision and strategy. Henry Ford’s vision and perseverance was the reason Ford Motor Company was successful but that success would be hard to emulate in the current poor economic conditions and ever-changing market trends we are faced with today.There are, however, very few people like Henry Ford. We may assume that he won’t be as effective a leader today as he was some 90 years ago but you just know he would be successful. Ford was a visionary, and to give you an example of this around 100 years ago he gave Thomas Edison $1. 5 million to build an electric battery that could run a car (Gunderson, 2009), which proved he had a good idea how the motor industry was going to progress. We will write a custom essay sample on Henry Ford – the Leadership Qualities of One of History’s or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page That kind of idea relevant to today’s market could see Ford progress in today’s world. Contents 1) Introduction ) The person under study 3) Leadership 4) Effective leadership 5) Conclusion 6) Appendices 7) References 1) Introduction This paper will identify the leadership capabilities of Henry Ford, looking at how those capabilities are compared to theories on leadership including the author’s definition. We will also look at what it takes to be an effective leader, if Henry Ford can be considered an effective leader and if his leadership qualities would produce the same level of success in today business environment? 2) The person under studyHenry Ford (Ford) was an extremely interesting individual, hugely successful with strong self-belief and a hard working mentality. In many articles and reports, Ford gets referred to as an innovator. Yet for all his acclaim he didn’t invent anything. He was hugely successful in manufacturing automobiles and revolutionised the assembly line creating 8-hour shifts, ensuring his factories were operational 24 hours a day. He was publically acclaimed for paying his workers above average pay and after two failed businesses launched the hugely successful Ford Motor Company.He made sure that he owned the factory’s that built raw materials that were required to build automobiles and bought 7,000 dealers nationwide to ensure he had a direct network to sell cars. A more in detail understanding of Ford’s life and career can be found in appendices A. 3) Leadership The author’s definition of a leader is someone that sets a direction for others to follow, developing a vision and strategically planning what needs to be done to deliver that vision.Someone that is able to influence others to believe and follow a specific path. Leaders are not just CEO’s and Managing Directors, otherwise how would new leaders be born? A leader requires self-belief, creativity, drive, a persuasive manner and followers. It’s not just about your intellect, the training you have received, it’s also about seeing the way forward, knowing what needs to be done, getting the right people involved, creating an action plan and communicating it effectively (see Drucker, 2001).Kotter (1990) helps with this definition by suggesting that a leader is a person with a vision, who aligns people to that vision through effective communication. They build a coalition with people who can aid the development of their vision. Kotter (1990) looked at the role of a leader and how it differed from that of a manager. The table below looks at differences in functions between leadership and management. Table 1. 1 | Leadership| Management|

Reasons Why Welfare Doesnt Always Work Essay Example

Reasons Why Welfare Doesnt Always Work Paper Amanda Smith Today in America, there are thousands of Americans are welfare for different reasons. Whether people lost their job and can’t afford their necessities, or possibly they don’t have motivation to get a job and want to live off the government’s money. It could be that there is a single mother of two children who simply can’t afford the necessities for her children and herself even with a job, or maybe their handicapped or they are older and aren’t healthy enough to work and provide for themselves. Welfare is a program created by the government to improve the financial situation of people in need. Many people today in America who are on welfare are abusing the program, whether they don’t find a job and continue to stay on welfare for years, or spend money on drugs or something not needed instead of paying bills and buying necessary items. Other programs like Medicare and food stamps, to the elderly or the people that really need this help, are getting denied because they don’t qualify but yet they are barely providing for themselves or they can’t provide. Some of these programs that the government has created are not working the way they were meant to. We will write a custom essay sample on Reasons Why Welfare Doesnt Always Work specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Reasons Why Welfare Doesnt Always Work specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Reasons Why Welfare Doesnt Always Work specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Welfare is supposed to be good and helpful but it’s being seen as wasteful, not worth it by others, and simply has other issues that the government is in need of solving. It is supposed to be helping people such as single mothers get back on their feet, however many are abusing this help and having more children to continue receiving welfare money for a long period of time. People are not supposed to be on welfare for a long period of time, this program was meant to help people out temporarily so they could get back to work and provide for themselves, soon though, not years later (wikipedia). However, it is making some people lazier by getting money just to sit at home and do nothing. Some people are not motivated to get a job, or simply do not want a job and would prefer to live on welfare for years and not even use that money for the right things like clothing, bills, etc. Welfare reforms have reduced the probability of women going to college, even finishing high school, which isn’t going to help them get a decent paying job (NBER). Many people on welfare are using that money for alcohol, drugs, gambling, etc. There is no law stating that people have to pass a drug test o receive welfare, but there should be some kind of procedure or questioning being done to people who are applying for welfare or for those who are already on welfare, to know whether they really deserve it if they are going to spend their money on the right or wrong thing (npr). As a working taxpayer, I contribute to the welfare system and I don’t really want to support an addiction to dru gs. Government assistance is good for those people who don’t abuse it and are willing to take the random drug tests no matter how degrading or unnecessary it may be. If people truly need the help, then they should be willing to do what it takes to receive that assistance. Many jobs require a drug test and if they don’t pass, they don’t get the job. It’s that simple. This should apply to welfare, if you don’t pass, you don’t get the benefits. Some people think that if you deny people these privileges that these people are going to steal and sell drugs to put food on the table (npr). Who’s to say that they won’t stop stealing or selling drugs? It’s not guaranteed. To the people who aren’t abusing the system, it may be a little bit of a hassle to go through the drug test but it’s worth it. It’s better off helping the people who actually want help and are using this assistance the way it should be. Medicare is a health insurance program administered by the United States government for people over the age of 65 (wikipedia). This is another program that needs some things changed. One problem this program faces, is the diversity in the elderly. While this coverage starts at the age of 65, people 80 and over are benefiting from it more. The medical needs of a 65 year old man could differ dramatically from an 80 year old man. Also, American seniors differ not only by age but also race, ethnicity, culture, and geographic region with different healthcare systems ( Freedom works). This program is trying to shove the needs of all the elderly, no matter how different their situations are, into one system that is going to help them all, and it’s not. A second problem with this program is the financial situation. As the baby boom generation begins to reach eligible age for Medicare, the cost will begin to rise dramatically. Congress will attempt to impose cost-controls on a system already beginning to deliver inadequate care to the different people of the elderly population (Freedom works). Food stamps is a government program made to assist low income families receive food. Many families may have someone working but making very little or not enough to provide food on the table. However, many of these working families do not get the food stamps they really need. Between 1994 and 1999, the number of people receiving food stamps declined by 35% and poverty went down 15% (Food stamps for working families). This decline in food stamp enrollment was because of families becoming ineligible because of income going up or welfare reform rules excluding certain groups from receiving food stamps. Many families have left welfare for work and have lost their food stamps because of this. They were looking to keep the food stamps for the transition of their family. It’s not fair that these people who are actually working and trying to make some money for their family are not receiving the food stamps when they really need them. There is also people who sell their food stamps for their necessities, and some who sell them for illegal substances. (Selling food stamps for kid‘s shoes). It has a little similarity to welfare. Many people who receive the stamps are supposed to be buying healthy groceries for themselves, and their family, but many don’t. They resort to cheap and fatty food, like McDonald’s then they can still have money left over for other things, for necessities, or not. It’s not surprising that some lower-income families have weight problems because of what they’re doing with their food stamps. The programs that the government have created are meant to help people, and to some they are. There are many Americans though who are abusing the system and it can be difficult to catch these people. They all have flaws in them that are pretty controversial and difficult to amend, and some people don‘t think these aren‘t such a huge problem as other things are in today‘s society. How each of these problems are solved in each program will be a difficult task, if the government decides to do it. I think these programs need to be fixed immediately, before the costs for these programs becomes too much and things get out of hand. Bibliography â€Å"Welfare Reform Has Led to More Work but Less Education† National Bureau of Economic Research. 6 May 2010. â€Å"Reform as I Knew It: When Bad Things Happen to Good Policies† 1 May 1996. The American Prospect. 6 May 2010. â€Å"Medicares Two Fundamental Problems† 17 July 2003. Freedom Works. 6 May 2010. â€Å"Welfare† Wikipedia. 6 May 2010. â€Å"Medicare† Wikipedia. 6 May 2010. â€Å"Selling Food Stamp’s For Kid’s Shoes† 16 February 2010. Urban Habitat. 6 May 2010.

Explanation of chemical feeling of love Essays

Explanation of chemical feeling of love Essays Explanation of chemical feeling of love Essay Explanation of chemical feeling of love Essay Essay Topic: Love Medicine The Explanation of Love and Monogamy Among Men Marcel Dante Gearing Ivy Tech Community College On the day of November twenty-seventh, Time Magazine released an article proclaiming to have found the source of human monogamy and love. With a concentration on men, Mall Salivate, the author, proposed that the chemical extinction Is responsible for modern day love. extinction a chemical that Is Influential In the maternal connection created between mother and child, therefore bonding the two emotionally. Time magazine also states that extinction can also make romantic ratters look more attractive than strangers to men, even if both are objectively equally good looking. According to Time Magazines Maim Salivate, monogamy has been a biological mystery for years. Including statistics that project the belief that only 3 percent of mammals are monogamous, and this percentage is weighted by the understanding that simply, males can produce much more offspring by mating with more than one female. To reiterate and clarify the newfound discovery of extinctions abilities, Once men receive extinction, the attractiveness of the partner increases compared to the attractiveness value recorded for other females, says Herculean. Time magazine then states, And the men were not aware that they behaved differently on extinction; in fact, they could not reliably distinguish between it and placebo. They didnt feel high or any craving ? at least as measured by their ratings of their feelings in both conditions. In conclusion of Time Magazines article, Maim Salivate writes that extinction can create unconscious biases towards a personal partner, which in turn would support monogamy and influence more intimate emotional connections. Not only Is extinction lived to develop rose colored glasses, but It also may unconsciously deterring Interest In other potential mates. In the recent article written by Mall Salivate from Time Magazine, proper scientific terminology was applied frequently and eff ectively. Mamas objective seemed to be the assessment of why men committed to monogamy and what could be the source of faithfulness. An article written by Rene Herculean titled, The Promises and Perils of Extinction supports and ferrules these claims with actual research and live testing. The title of the article Itself was not misleading, but It does seem to be order In a particularly noticeable fashion. Rather than strictly stating the topic of the article through the title, it portrayed a more subjective, almost defensive feel. In inquisitive and exciting idea would set the tone for the facts. If the article was designed appeal to the emotional turmoil of those who have suffered from failed monogamy attempts it would cause the readers to become more invested. While becoming anxious for an answer to male faithfulness, readers would then be presented with the scientific results and facts. Using this style of writing, creates motional uproar, but then soothes and calms readers with an answer to their problems. Personally, my believe is that the author of this article presented and informed us readers clearly and intentionally. In regards to the title of the piece, it created some pessimistic assumptions prior to reading this article. Overall, Maim Salivate performed well and informed me of something that I had yet to come across in the world in neuroscience and biology. In conclusion, my approach to writing this article would have been more emotionally involved than what Maim had initiated. My reasoning behind this is my understanding that emotional reading revoke feelings from the past, which in turn gives my article a reservation in the minds of my readers. Also with my version, the title would fit smoothly into the representation of the info I displayed. Within Mamas article, the fact that kissing, and moments of intimacy created extinction inside the brain of males was presented. With this information people that have read this will be more physically involved with their male partner in order to further ensure monogamy. In the future, those that are wholeheartedly convinced by Time Magazines article, How Extinction Makes Men (Almost) Monogamous, will indeed increasingly enforce intimacy within their relationships. I expect people to use the lack of extinction and intimacy to rid themselves of a partner they no longer wish to be involved with. Decreasing the amount of kissing, physical arousal, and intimacy will cause the male partner to receive less extinction, therefore creating an opening for polygamy. RESOURCES Lay Article: How Extinction Makes Men (Almost) Monogamous, Maim Salivate, Time Magazine Article, Novo. 27, 2013 Peer-Reviewed Article: The Promise and Perils of Extinction, Rene Herculean, Article, September, 2012 Lay Article What happens when a man finds the one? His brain gets washed in extinction. The hormone and brain chemical best known for its role in love ? its also responsible for helping infants bond to their mothers ? can also make romantic partners look more attractive than strangers to men, even if both are objectively equally good looking. Published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the study included 40 young men, all of whom had been in a relationship for at least six months and reported being passionately in love with their partners. While in a brain scanner, they either inhaled extinction or placebo via nasal spray while they viewed pictures of either their partners, women they knew but were not dating or women they had never met. The pictures were matched so that comparison women had been rated by independent observers as being equally attractive as the partners. In the men who were given extinction, the pleasure and desire regions of their brains lit up when they saw pictures of the women they loved ? but not when they looked at men knew, but not as strongly as by the pictures of their loved ones, suggesting that it made their partners more desirable. Its really intriguing, says Larry Young, professor of psychiatry at Emory University, in Atlanta, who was not associated with the research. The study is one of the first to show a role for the hormone in human monogamy (prior research revealed similar effects in other mammals). How monogamy works has long been a biological mystery. Sexual monogamy in humans is potentially costly for males, says lead author Dry. Rene Herculean, professor of psychiatry at the University of Bonn in Germany, explaining that he and his team wanted to understand some of the chemical contributors to the practice. Only 3% of mammals are monogamous, and that small proportion likely reflects the fact that from a simple b iological perspective, it makes little sense for males who could produce far more offspring by mating with multiple females. Once men receive extinction, the attractiveness of the partner increases compared to the attractiveness value recorded for other females, says Herculean. And the men were not aware that they behaved differently on extinction; in fact, they could not reliably distinguish between it and placebo. They didnt feel high or any craving ? at least as measured by their ratings of their feelings in both conditions. It really is very subtle, says Young, noting that the size of the difference between extinction and placebo was small. Whether this is because intranasal extinction doesnt have a powerful effect on the brain or because extinction typically changes behavior without our conscious awareness is not known. What is clear, however, is that extinction can create unconscious biases in favor of a partner, possibly providing part of the biological mechanism behind monogamy. A prior study by the same researchers, in fact, found that men in monogamous relationships who were given extinction actually kept a rater physical distance from an attractive research associate, compared with single men. Young suggests that extinction may actually have a dual effect ? by not only making partners more attractive but also actively deterring interest in other potential mates. He notes that in the monogamous prairie voles he studies, males that have a pair bond can actually be hostile to other females. They develop a very strong preference for the partner and slight aggression towards those who are not their partners, he says. The fact that these biases are only seen in men when under the influence of extinction ? not placebo ? may even hold lessons for those who want to stay faithful. Think about when extinction is released, says Herculean, noting that this occurs during kissing, hugging, orgasm and other intimate moments. The more such moments you have, the more extinction is released in the body. And, says Young, if you combine this with other rewarding experiences that also get the reward system going ? such as doing new and challenging things together ? you can strengthen your connection to each other. Seems like extinction might be the perfect ingredient for a fragrance called Faithful. Peer Review Article NEUROSCIENCE The Promise and Perils of Extinction Is extinction the next revolution in psychiatric medicine?or an overjoyed hormone desperation of patients and families living with disruptive disorders day in, day out. From bonding to bedside The hypothalamus, an evolutionarily ancient part of the mammalian brain, makes Kyoto- chin. Released into the bloodstream by the nearby pituitary gland, it signals the uterus to contract during childbirth and stimulates the release of milk for nursing. The hormone was the first peptide to be synthesized in the laboratory, a feat that earned American biochemist Vincent du Vignette the 1955 Nobel Prize in chemistry. Given the hormones known roles, researchers soon wondered whether it also played a role in reproductive behavior. In the late sass and early sass, work with rats and sheep found that extinction enhances mother-infant bonding. In the ass, Carter and others established its role in fostering pair bonding in prairie voles. Unlike most rodents, these furry inhabitants of the North American plains form lifelong bonds and share the work of raising offspring (although trysts are not uncommon). In 2000, Larry Young and colleagues at Emory University in Atlanta reported that genetically engine- neared mice lacking extinction are unable to recognize other individuals, pointing to an even broader role for the hormone in Monroe- productive social behavior. Although much of this work has been written into textbooks, the more recent ox- tocsin research in humans has frequently found its way into tabloids. In one of the first eye-catching studies, neurotransmitters Ernst Fear of the University of Zurich in Sit- garland and colleagues gave extinction nasal spray or a saline spray placebo to university students before a game in which they had to decide how much money to entrust to a stranger. (The more money a player entrusts, the larger the potential gains and potential losses. ) Those who got extinction were more trusting, the researchers reported in Nature in 2005. A torrent of studies followed, sue- getting that extinction not only increases trust and cooperation, but also boosts social per- captivities, such as face recognition and the ability to read whats on someones mind from the look in their eyes. Few substances produced by the human body have inspired as much hoopla as extinction. Recent newspaper articles have credited this hormone with promoting the kind of team- work that wins World Cup soccer champion- ships and suggested that supplements of the peptide could have prevented the dalliances and subsequent downfall of a certain high- ranking U. S intelligence official. Although the breathless media coverage often goes too far, it reflects a genuine and infectious excitement among many scientists about the hormones role in social behavior. First stud- led by biologists for its role in childbirth and lactation, extinction has more recently cap- titivated neuroscience and psychologists who have found that it can promote trust and cooperation and make people more attuned to social cues. Now psychiatrists have caught Kyoto- chin fever. Dozens of clinical trials are under way, or will be soon, to investigate the horn- ones potential benefits for a wide range of psychiatric disorders. The interest isnt hard to understand. Many psychiatric con- editions have social symptoms, such as the characteristic lack of empathy in autism, the attachment anxiety of borderline personality disorder, and the paranoia of schizophrenia. Yet no drugs currently approved for psychiatry- rice use directly target social behavior. For autism in particular, hopes for Kyoto- chin run high. A large trial of the hormone on 300 affected parents of autistic children have persuaded physicians to prescribe Kyoto- chin nasal spray, which can be obtained from compounding pharmacies. At first glance, extinction might seem like just what the doctor should be ordering. But as researchers have continued to explore the hormones effect on human behavior, a darker side has emerged. Extinction seems to promote aggression or other antisocial behavior in some circumstances. Its effects also appear to vary depending on a persons genetic makeup and psychological status. And no one knows what long-term Kyoto- chin treatment does to the developing human brain. Disconcertingly, one recent study found that male voles treated for several weeks with extinction nasal spray around the time of adolescence later exhibited impaired social bonding with females. The more we know, the more complicated its getting, says Sue Carter, a behavioral neuroscience- monologist and a pioneer of research on ox- tocsins role in social behavior now based at ART International in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. What worries me, and should worry others, is that so much of the basic background is missing ?SUE CARTER, ART INTERNATIONAL Carter is particularly worried about giving extinction to children before more is known about the hormones developmental effects. l think there probably is a place for Kyoto- chin in several aspects of medicine, she says. But what worries me, and should worry tooth- errs, is that so much of the basic background is missing. At the same time, those leading the trio- alas say that the scientific rationale for using extinction is already strong enough, especially given the lack of better options. This could be the first drug to address the core sump- toms of autism, says Geraldine Dawson, a opalescent and child clinical psychology- gist and chief science officer of Autism Speaks, which has funded some of the early pilot studies. These findings quickly led to speculation about clinical applications. The f iris pub- listed study in which extinction was given to autistic children appeared online in Biology- cal Psychiatry in late 2009. In an experiment conducted by Adam Estella, a clinical psychologist at the University of Sydney in Australia, and colleagues, 16 autistic boys between 12 and 19 years old received a sin- glee dose of extinction nasal spray or a placebo in one session, and the alternative in another. Neither the boys nor the researchers evaluate- inning them knew which time they gotten the hormone. ) On extinction, the boys performed better on a common test of social cognition that involves looking at photographs of faces cropped to show Just the eyes and report- inning what emotion the person is most likely experiencing. The improvement was modest: from about 45% to 49% correct on average. People without autism typically get more than 70% correct. Studies in adults with autism have also demonstrated improvements on standard lab tests of social cognition. But the vast majority of published work on extinction to date as looked at the effects of a single dose over the course of an hour or so in the lab. The real question is whether the hormone can restore normal behavior in real life. To find out, Estella and others are conducting trials in which people with autism take daily sniffs of extinction for seven- real weeks or months. These pilot studies are in various stages and several researchers told Science that its too soon to talk about the findings in detail. Interesting things are coming out of these studies, Estella says makes us think this is a cure for autism. get under way this spring should help clarify things. It will be led y psychiatrist Linear Sickish at the University of North Car- Olin (UNC), Chapel Hill, who A far larger trial scheduled to received a $12. 6 million Autism Centers of Excellence grant from the National Institutes of Health in September for this trial. Her team plans to enroll 300 autistic children between the ages of 3 and 17, half of whom will receive extinction nasal spray twice daily for 6 months in a placebo-controlled, double-blind trial, and all of whom will receive the hormone for 6 months in a subsequent open-label extent- Soon of the trial. Researchers will look for any adverse side effects and monitor the kids with arioso checklist measures of social behavior filled out by a clinician or parent. Autism is hardly the only disease being investigated. Out of 44 neuropsychiatry trio- alas of extinction listed on ecclesiastical. Ova, roughly three-quarters are for other disorders. Pilot studies in people with schizophrenia, who often suffer from paranoia and difficulty reading social cues, suggest that extinction can reduce psychotic symptoms and improve social cognition. The benefits are modest, but encouraging, says Court Petersen, a psychic- trust and behavioral neurologists at UNC Chapel Hill. Ephedrines work in the sass established the role of extinction in mother-infant bond- inning, but more recently his interest has turned to the hormones clinical potential. One of the real deficits in psychiatry research is a complete lack of appreciation of evolution, Petersen says. The human brain evolved to evaluate and maneuver in very complex social environments. Petersen argues that the role of the brains social circuitry in sys- psychopathology is too often ignored. And thats what makes extinction so exciting in his view. One of the really cool things about extinction is that it probably plays a central role in the social brain, he says. Lee published study on the long- term behave- oral effects of multiple doses of extinction in developing animals. It seemed to me that we were really skipping a step. From work she did as a postdoctoral feel- low with Carter, Bales knew that even a sin- glee dose of extinction can have long-lasting effects. In a series of studies published in the sass, they found that p rairie vole pups treated with extinction on the day of birth exhibited abnormal pair bonding and parental behavior as adults. The effects were messy? treated animals grew up to be more social or less social than normal, depending on their sex and the dose they received. The clearest message was that any exposure to extinction can cause long-term behavioral and neuron- endocrine effects, Bales says. In one study, Bales found that males given a single dose of extinction at birth had reproductive difficulties as adults: They deposited sperm in the female reproductive tract in only 50% of mating attempts, for example. More recently, Bales and colleagues tried to better mimic the type of extinction treat- meet now in clinical trials for autism, giving young prairie voles daily squirts of extinction in the nose for 3 weeks. In developmental terms, Bales says that the voles were roughly equivalent to 12- to 7-year-old children, the target group for several trials. In the short term, extinction made the voles more social, as expected: After a dose, they spent more time in close cognitions with their partners, the research- errs reported online on 15 October 2012 in Biological Psychiatry. The standard test of pair bonding in voles, Bales explains, is to put a male in an empty chamber connected to two other chambers: one containing his mate, and another con- tanning an unfamiliar female. A normal male prairie vole will run around and check every- thing out and then go hang out with his part- near, Bales says. But males that had gotten a daily dose of extinction comparable to that being given to autistic children?or an even lower dose?were more likely to spurn their partner in favor of the stranger. To Bales, the findings raise the troubling possibility that repeated use of extinction nasal spray may cause long-term changes in the brain that negate or even reverse the hormones been- fits, perhaps by tricking the brain into making less extinction of its own. Other signs that theres more to extinction than cuddles and hugs have emerged from human experiments. In 2010, psychologist Scarcest De Drew and colleagues at the Nun- varsity of Amsterdam gave extinction nasal Caring family. Prairie vole parents share the work of raising offspring, but a recent study suggests long-term extinction treatment can disrupt bonding between partners. Cause for concern The explosion of clinical trials with Kyoto- chin, particularly those in children, troubles Karen Bales, a behavioral neuroscience at the University of California, Davis. Theres been this quick leap from looking at a sin- glee dose of extinction in healthy adults to try- inning to give it to children with autism whose brains are still developing, she says. Bales says that she looked and couldnt find a sin- 268 18 JANUARY 2013 VOLE 339 SCIENCE www. Sustenance. Org published by AAAS CREDIT: KAREN BALES/UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS Downloaded from wry. Science. Org on January 18, 2013 spray to men before they played a computer game in which small teams competed for money. Compared with men who got a saline spray, those who sniffed extinction behaved more altruistically to members of their own team?but at the same time, they were more likely to preemptively punish competitors, the team reported in Science. In a 2011 study in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, De Dress team found that ox- tocsin increased favoritism toward subjects own ethnic roof (native Dutch men) on a series of tasks and thought experiments done on a computer, and in some situations the treated men exhibited more prejudice against other groups (Germans and Middle Eastern- errs, in this case). To some researchers, this suggests that extinction is a double-edged sword: pro- noting bonds with familiar individuals, but promoting unfriendly behavior toward strangers. In the beginning, everyone thought it would have very robust pros- Cal effects, but it seems to depend on how you interpret the term proboscis, says Rene © Herculean, a psychiatrist at the University of Bonn in Germany. In a study published on 14 November 2012 in The Journal of Neuroscience, his team reported that when men who reported being in a stable hetero- sexual relationship took extinction, they put a bit more distance between thems elves and an attractive female experimenter who entered the room. To Herculean, these find- inns, like De Dress, suggest that extinction promotes bonding within an established pair (or group) at the expense of outsiders. That makes sense from an evolutionary Perspex- dive, he says, but may not with psychiatric disk- orders, Herculean cautions that it might not have the same benefits for all patients. An illustration of Just that comes from work by Jennifer Bart, a social psychology- gist at McGill University in Montreal, Can- dad. Encouraged by the reports that extinction increases trust, Bart thought it might help people with borderline personality disorder (BAD), who are plagued by fears of ban- oddment and separation, and have profound difficulties with relationships as a result. But when she and colleagues gave a single dose of extinction nasal spray to people with BAD, they became less trusting and less likely to cooperate with a partner in a social dilemma game, the researchers reported in 2011 in Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. This effect was strongest in those with BAD who scored highest on self-report measures of relationship anxiety and fear of rejection. Social studies. New clinical trials seek to determine if extinction can boost social behavior in children with autism. One possibility, Bart says, is that ox- tocsin increases the desire to connect and heightens attention to social cues. That may backfire in people with BAD, who are already hypertensive and anxious in social situations. The picture thats now emerging is that its not this global social panacea, Bart says. In many cases it upends on the situation in which its given or the person to whom its given. A risk worth taking? Going forward, the success or failure of extinction as a psychiatric drug may hinge on figuring out which disorders and which people respond positively to the hormone? theres evidence that people with variants of the extinction receptor gene respond differ- entry?and in what context. In my view, the best bene fit from stimulating the ox- tocsin system is going to be to combine it with a controlled behavioral therapy, Memo- rays Young says. He believes that extinctions main effect is to make people more insensitive to social cues. In a therapists office, chill- drew could be assured of receiving positive, reinforcing social cues while under the horn- ones sway. Not so if they simply take the hormone and went about their day. Say you give it to a kid and then he goes to school and gets bullied. Thats not going to have a positive impact, and it may even make things worse, Young says. A better handle on the basic biology of intranasal extinction, such as how it enters the brain and which receptors it hits, might enable researchers to develop more effect- dive drugs, Young adds. If we want to eve beyond this initial investigatory era and get more sophisticated and potent effects, we need to understand the mechanisms. Despite the unknowns, Sickish and others insist that the clinical trials are Justified. A lot of people in this country, probably a few thousand, are going to compounding par- masses and having them put together prep- rations of extinction, Sickish says. We feel like its really important, for something thats being used in this unregulated way, to get some data on how safe it is and figure out does it work or does it not work. For Dawson, the lack of better options is a powerful motivator. Only two drugs are cur- rental approved for autism, she notes: Both are an tispasmodic medications prescribed to cut down on tantrums, aggression, and self- injury. These drugs dont directly address the social deficits at the core of the discord- deer, and they have potentially dangerous side effects, not to mention unknown effects on brain development. Behavioral interventions such as the Early Start Denver Model, which Dawson co-developed, have proven success- intensive one-on-one therapy and can cost $25,000 to $50,000 a year. In contrast, a years supply of extinction, which is currently only available in a proprietary synthetic erosion, costs roughly $5000. And it could get much cheaper if a generic version becomes available. Among parents of autistic kids, theres long been a willingness to try experimental treatments, even before theyre fully vetted by researchers, Estella says. A driving factor, he says, is frustration that science has let them down by moving too slowly. At the same time, researchers such as Carter and Bales hope that science wont let these families down again by rushing too quickly into clinical trials with a hormone whose effects arent adequately understood.

Womens Rights in Africa and Where They Are Now Research Paper

Womens Rights in Africa and Where They Are Now - Research Paper Example This has in turn resulted in an imbalanced society, in which men occupy all the positions of leadership at the expense of women who perform basic home management roles (Oduyoye 12). The research looks forward to exploring exploitations leveled against women. It further investigates how the modern day African societies reverse the effect of such retrogressive beliefs, which have contributed to the rejection of women human rights in the societies. In doing the research analyses a number of sources primary of which are films and videos obtained from YouTube and other digital video disc formats. These videos depict the different forms of women maltreatment and the rights denial mechanisms that the African women face in their daily lives. Research methods In my research project, I have opted for numerous methods of carrying out the assignment. The audio methods become my first priority due to its efficiency and in my research project; the audio comes in video terms. ... This is because, after the practice the young girls are immediately given out for marriage to elderly men (Ogundipe-Leslie 21). The research also uses secondary sources, which include books and newspaper articles, which recount the struggle of the African woman for liberty and equal opportunity in the society. These seek to depict the progresses made by different governments in the continent to level the playing ground for both sexes thus uplift the status of the girl child thus that of the African woman by extrapolation Violation of African women's rights The violation of African women's rights started back in the eighteenth century when women were viewed as second-class citizens. Gender inequality did not start in Africa, but rather started in the advanced continents of Europe and America. However, the women in these continents overcame the oppression and gradually liberated themselves from the bondage. Sadly, Africa is still evolving in terms of gender equality (Breneman 140). The stubbornness of this gender inequality is due to strong cultural beliefs that Africa strictly follows, hence placing women in their old traditional place of the weaker vessels. The challenges that African women undergo are numerous challenges, and to begin with, genital mutilation tops the list. Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) Female genital mutilation has another name of female genital cutting or circumcision, and the world health organization (WHO) describes it as a process through which the external female reproductive organs or genitalia is either partially or entirely cut off. Approximations of up to 140 million women, or probably more pass through this intolerable procedure every year, globally. Africa alone practices the FGM on roughly 3 million young girls yearly (Toubia & Anika

The European Union Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The European Union - Essay Example As relevant in any social scenario, when the disintegrated resources of different European nations united under one single label, it turned out to be mighty force in terms of economy and politics. The primary impact that the European Union has had on the global economy is that it has turned out to be a huge bargainer. This should be read together with the fact that whole of the European Union has a population of 500 million. This very fact makes it a huge consumer society. Contributing to the economic control this unified force can have, the consumer needs and the trade related issues of the whole European Union is controlled by a standardized and single window regulation system. This means that the every trade within the European Union will be controlled through a unified system of trade polices and laws. Considering these facts together, a unified demand of such a big population cannot be considered loosely by any business entity. Thus the European Union will have a great bargaining capacity. On the other side as far as the production is concerned, the European Union produced 30% share of the nominal gross world product in the last year. Thus in terms of production also, th e European Union becomes a vital force in the global market. This would highly influence the trade both bound inward and outward. The sourcing process so as to have the resources to maintain the high production level will distinguish the European Union as an important market. The importance as a vital force in global production and consumption thus would leave the European Union with the luxury to have control over competition. The unified regulations can very well check the possibilities of monopolistic economies and trade developing within its jurisdiction. The global giants will have to amend their business strategies as liked by the Union. As the economic system encourages highly the free movement of manpower, goods, capital and services

The key features of situation ethics Essay Example for Free

The key features of situation ethics Essay Examine the key features of situation ethics. Then outline the main weaknesses of situation ethics. How far do these lead to a rejection of the theory? Despite the view of Kant, and many Christian people, that it is not ethical to only act after assessing the implications of a moral action, since the 1960s a view that situation ethics is an effective way to judge an action and its consequences has emerged in the secular community. However, it is also necessary to acknowledge the Christian ethos in order to fully make a decision on the ethical viability of something in such an ephemeral world. Situation ethics is a theory most commonly associated with the work of Joseph Fletcher, an American professor and one of the key pioneers in bioethics, and J.A.T. Robinson, a New Testament scholar, author and a former Anglican bishop of Woolwich. Fletcher wrote a book called Situation Ethics, which was published in 1966, a time when the ephemeral nature of the country was highly accentuated by political matters; Women were more commonly going to work, following the suffrage movement before the war and their valued contribution to the war effort during it, President John F. Kennedy of the United States had been assassinated and there was a large amount of shock and horror surrounding the brutal Vietnam war. Furthermore, Martin Luther King had left his legacy at this time, even though it would be many years before the divisive pre-civil rights attitudes and laws were truly shaken off, and the sexual revolution that occurred in the 1960s, where the invention of the pill came about, and sexual promiscuity was finally accepted. Also, the emergence of the teenager, a concept that had not been acknowledge before as a type of person with his or her own music, fashion and politics, the consequential growing power of the student movement and the rebellious spirit of the rock and roll culture that went hand in hand with the aforementioned new young adults power, when combined with the other reasons mentioned above, all meant that the scene was set for a radical shift in the social power base. The church, in particular, did not see this impending shift in power as an appealing prospect. The British Council of Churches in 1964 appointed a Working Party that set out to Prepare a Statement of the Christian case for abstinence from sexual intercourse before marriage and faithfulness within marriageand to suggest means whereby the Christian position may be effectively presented to the various sections of the community. They wanted to convey a sane and responsible attitude towards love and marriage in the face of the misleading suggestions conveyed by much popular literature, entertainment and advertising. They also observed that a widespread feeling, especially among Christian people, that recent years have witnessed a general lowering of moral standards, and that this is particularly evident in the realm of sexual behaviour. The Church put much emphasis on a report called The Sexual Behaviour of Young People by Michael Schofield, saying that they wanted to reassess where Christian moral truth lay. The report was conducted in 1965, and concluded that in the 1960s young people were exposed to these factors; greater independence; more money in their pockets and purses; the weakening of family bonds and religious influences; the development of earlier maturity physically, emotionally and mentally; the impact of modern books, television, periodicals. 1963 saw the publication of an extremely controversial book that threw the Church into disarray and disagreement. J.A.T. Robinsons Honest to God is a theological text in which the author challenges the traditional view that God is watching over the world as a supreme power in a three-storied universe, instead suggesting, in conjunction with Paul Tillich, a German-American theologian and Christian existentialist philosopher, that God should be understood as the ground of our being as opposed to a deux ex machine, a phenomenon that cannot be explained, which influences and interferes with the world while remaining detached from it. This book was also in support of the new morality outlined in Joseph Fletchers article The New Look at Christian Ethics published in the Harvard Divinity Bulletin before the more famous Situation Ethics book. Fletcher had written in this that Christian ethics is not a scheme of codified conduct. It is a purposive effort to relate love to a world of relativities through a casuistry obedient to love. In other words, the new Christian morality for man come of age, a phrase coined from Dietrich Bonheoffer, was not based on law, or rather, perhaps, on one law only: the law of love. To illustrate their beliefs on new morality over old, both Fletcher and Robinson cited the examples of Jesus and the Pharisees, which were meant to exemplify new morality and old morality respectively. Whilst the Pharisees elaborated the Torah to accommodate every possible situation, the example of Jesus say You who are not guilty of sin may cast the first stone in John 8:2-11, after a woman who had been caught in adultery was sentenced to stoning. This is an example of Jesus demonstrating love, passion and integrity and showing the weakness of using absolute laws as a meaning of judging individual moral cases. Fletcher further observed that Bultmann [A German theologian] was correct is saying that Jesus had no ethics if we accept, as I do not, that his definition of ethics was a system of values and rules intelligible for all men. This gives the implication that a system of moral codes is unnecessary. Both Fletcher and Robinson acknowledged that the shift from a supranaturalist view of ethics to a situationalist or existentialist view of ethics would not be universally popular. This was shown as early as 1956 when the Pope Pius XII anticipated this, and consequentially banned the view from all seminaries. Protestants, however, were equally suspicious, as they realised it meant that nothing can be labelled as universally good or bad. However, Robinson argued the only way to deal with situations was situationally, not prescriptively. He said Whatever the pointers of the law to the demands of love, there can for the Christian be no packaged moral judgements for persons are more important even than standards. Robinson argued that a situationalist view should be applied to divorce law. Questioning the conservative view that marriage created a supernatural, unbreakable bond between two people, he argues that the metaphysical bond that binds two people in marriage can be broken through divorce depending on the situation surrounding it. In the book Honest To God, Robinson wrote It is not a question of Those whom God hath joined together let no man put asunder: no man could if he tried. For marriage is not merely indissoluble: it is indelible. He believed that it was potentially damaging and out-dating to believe that divorce was an impossibility. He thought it was time for humans to seek liberty from such supernaturalism thinking, and be ready to leave behind the restrictions of the old moral law if love was best served by so doing. Fletcher and Robinson identified agape love, a term used to distinguish the different types of love known as agape, philia, storge and eros, as the only intrinsically good thing, and it was defined by William Barclay as unconquerable good will; it is the determination to seek the other mans highest good, no matter what he does to you. Insult, injury, indifference it does not matter; nothing but good will. It has been defined as purpose, not passion. It is an attitude to the other person. This kind of love is highly demanding or, as Barclay suggested, a highly intelligent thing. It is not random, fatalistic, romantic love that cannot be demanded. Rather, agape love is required of one human being to another, and demands that the whole personality be involved in a deliberate directing the will, heart and mind. To employ agape, it is conceivable that laws must be put aside, although this may leave many legalists and supernaturalisms without a reliable foundation on which to maintain their position of moral superiority. Fletcher wrote If the emotional and spiritual welfare of both parents and children in a particular family can be served best by a divorce, wrong and cheapjack as divorce commonly is, then love requires it. Joseph Fletcher identified three approaches to morality: Legalism, a conservative, rule-based morality like that of the Pharisees, or as Fletcher said, a morality in which Solutions are preset, and you can look them up in a book a Bible or a confessors manual; Antinomianism, the polar opposite of legalism which means that no rules or maxims can be applied to a moral situation; and situationism, a midway decision between the other two positions, or, as stated in Situation Ethics, The situationist enters into every decision-masking situation fully armed with the ethical maxims of his community and its heritage, and he treats them with respect Just the same he is prepared in any situation to compromise them or set them aside in the situation if love seems better served by doing so. Fletcher developed his theory by drawing on a wide range of cases that could not be resolved by applying fixed rules and principles; for instance, the famous case of Mrs Bergmeier who deliberately asked a Russian prison camp guard to make her pregnant so she could be released to return to her family in Germany. Furthermore, Fletcher even developed four presuppositions of situation ethics: Pragmatism, which demands that a proposed course of action should work, and that its success or failure should be judged according to the principle; Relativism, which rejects such absolutes as never, always, perfect, and complete; Positivism, a concept which recognizes that love is the most important criterion of all; and finally personalism, a concept which demands that people should be put first. He then went on, developing his opinion on how agape love should be understood conceptually, and how it should be applied as a theory in situation ethics. He said that not only is love always good, but that it was the only norm, appealing to Jesuss teaching in Mark 12:33 that the most important commandment is to love God and love your neighbour. Hr also said that love and justice are the same, and love is justice distributed, that love is not liking and always wills the neighbours good and that situation ethics is a teleological theory that identifies the ends or the outcome of the actions as the means of assessing its moral worth. Finally, he said that because there is no way of knowing in advance whether something is right or wrong because every situation is different, the situationist must be prepared to make every moral decision afresh. Some believers believe that morality consists of obeying the commands of God as directly revealed by him through scripture and the Church. They believe that what is morally good and what is morally bad is pre-determined by what God has said through scripture and other means, and that to contradict the views of God is to be immoral and bad. This view was backed up by Kant in his deontological approach to ethics, as he said that moral rules are good in themselves and should be obeyed irrespective of the consequences. Professor Gordon Dunstan also agreed with this, saying It is possible, though not easy, to forgive Professor [Joseph] Fletcher for writing this book, for he is a generous and loveable man. It is harder to forgive the SCM Press for publishing it. In contrast to Fletcher, William Barclay adopted a conservative view on Christian ethics, challenging the so named new morality of Fletcher on several grounds. He argued that it is highly improbable for someone to be presented with the extreme circumstances presented by Fletcher, so it is not reasonable to base the principle of situation ethics on these such matters. He wrote in Ethics in a Permissive Society, It is much easier to agree that extraordinary situations need extraordinary measures than to think that there are no laws for ordinary everyday life. He also suggests that Fletcher overestimates the value of being free from rules and the constant decision-making processes that this forces humans into. If it were the case that agape could always be fairly and accurately dealt out, then laws would be redundant. As it is, there are no such guarantees, and so a degree of law is necessary for human survival. Barclay believes that law is essential for a variety of reasons: because it clarifies experience; because it is the means by which society determines what a reasonable life is; because it defines crime; because it has a deterrent value, and because it protects society. He also says that Fletcher was unrealistic in his observation on how truly free humans are to make decisions and judge the moral worth of something when not shackled by any laws. Barclay particularly emphasises that law ensures that humans do not make an artificial distinction between public and private morality, and was quoted as saying A man can live his own life, but when he begins deliberately to alter the lives of others, then a real problem arises, on which we cannot simply turn out backs, and in which there is a place for law as the encourager of morality. In summary, Barclay criticised Fletcher for his miscalculated optimism about the ability of humans to be morally good while remaining free of personal prefere nce and consequential bias. How can we arbitrate a case in which two people reach different conclusions about an action, yet both claim to be acting in the interests of love? In the same year that the scandalous Honest to God by J. A. T. Robinson came into publication, Susan Howatch composed a novel named Scandalous Risks in which a number of characters face moral dilemmas, and attempt to examine each of these while conceptually following situation ethics. In one scene we see a character called Venetia seeking the help of another called Father Darrow in an attempt to understand the way in which her romantic friend rationalises and conducts their relationship along the lines of situation ethics. The, so to speak, moral, of this story is that situation ethics is idealistic and cannot work, despite its obvious theoretical benefits. Rarely do our real-life situations conform to the neat solutions that would apparently be available to us if we applied the principles of ethical theory. An overall conclusion must be drawn from both parts a) and b) of this essay collectively. It seems that the argument is relatively balanced debating the validity of Robinsons and Fletchers approach to moral-decision making. It is commonplace to strive for the freedom to make choices situationally, whether or not it be within the framework of agape, although this is constrained by not only the law, but also by the moral judgment of others. In this age, when we might suppose that secularism and liberalism would have a stronger hold on religions than previously, organizations such as Silver Ring Thing and True Love Waits are encouraging young people to take a vow of celibacy, which infers a return to traditional sexual ethics. Perhaps, instead of offering a realistic answer to morally-challenging situations, situation ethics offers a tantalising alternative to structured and relatively inflexible law-based morality.